The Complete C Programming Language Tutorial

Getting Started
What is C

Getting Started with C

The C Character Set

Constants, Variables and Keywords

Types of C Constants

Rules for Constructing Integer Constants

Rules for Constructing Real Constants

Rules for Constructing Character Constants

Types of C Variables

Rules for Constructing Variable Names

C Keywords

The First C Program

Compilation and Execution

Receiving Input

C Instructions

Type Declaration Instruction

Arithmetic Instruction

Integer and Float Conversions

Type Conversion in Assignments

Hierarchy of Operations

Associativity of Operators

Control Instructions in C

Summary

The Decision Control Structure

Decisions! Decisions!

The if Statement

The Real Thing

Multiple Statements within if

The if-else Statement

Nested if-elses

Forms of if

Use of Logical Operators

The else if Clause

The ! Operator

Hierarchy of Operators Revisited

A Word of Caution

The Conditional Operators

Summary

  

The Loop Control Structure

Loops

The whileLoop

Tips and Traps

More Operators

The for Loop

Nesting of Loops

Multiple Initialisations in the for Loop

The Odd Loop

The break Statement

The continue Statement

The do-while Loop

Summary

     

The Case Control Structure

Decisions Using switch     

The Tips andTraps     

switch Versus if-elseLadder     

The goto Keyword     

Summary     

  

Functions & Pointers     

What is a Function     

Why Use Functions

Passing Values between Functions

Scope Rule of Functions     

Calling Convention

One Dicey Issue

Advanced Features of Functions 

Function Declaration and Prototypes

Call by Value and Call by Reference

An Introduction to Pointers

Pointer Notation

Back to Function Calls

Conclusions

Recursion

Recursion and Stack 

Adding Functions to the Library

Summary

Data Types Revisited

Integers, long and short

Integers, signed and unsigned

Chars, signed and unsigned

Floats and Doubles

A Few More Issues   

Storage Classes in C

Automatic Storage Class

Register Storage Class

Static Storage Class

External Storage Class

Which to Use When

Summary    

The C Preprocessor     

Features of C Preprocessor     

Macro Expansion     

Macros with Arguments     

Macros versus Functions     

File Inclusion     

Conditional Compilation     

#if #and #elifDirectives     

Miscellaneous Directives     

Summary     

    

Arrays     

What are Arrays     

A Simple Program Using Array     

More on Arrays     

Array Initialization     

Bounds Checking     

Passing Array Elements to a Function     

Pointers and Arrays     

Passing an Entire Array to a Function     

The Real Thing     

Two Dimensional Arrays     

Initializing a  -DimensionalArray     

Memory Map of a  -DimensionalArray     

Pointers and  -DimensionalArrays     

Pointer to an Array     

Passing  -D arrayto a Function     

Array of Pointers     

Three Dimensional Array     

Summary     

Puppetting On Strings     

What are Strings     

More about Strings     

Pointers and Strings     

Standard Library String Functions     

strlen( )     

strcpy( )     

strcat( )     

strcmp( )     

Two-Dimensional Array of Characters     

Array of Pointers to Strings     

Limitation of Array of Pointers to Strings     

Solution     

Summary     

   

Structures     

Why Use Structures     

Declaring a Structure     

Accessing Structure Elements     

How Structure Elements are Stored     

Arrayof Structures     

Additional Features of Structures     

Uses of Structures     

Summary     

   

Console Input/Output     

Types of I/O     

Console I/O Functions     

Formatted Console I/O Functions    

sprintf( ) and sscanf( ) Functions     

Unformatted Console I/O Functions     

Summary     

    

File Input/Output     

Data Organization     

File Operations     

Opening a File     

Reading from a File     

Trouble in Opening a File     

Closing the File     

Counting Characters, Tabs, Spaces, …     

A File-copy Program     

Writing to a File     

File OpeningModes     

String (line) I/O in Files     

The Awkward Newline     

Record I/O inFiles     

Text Files and Binary Files     

Record I/O Revisited     

Database Management   

Low Level Disk I/O     

A low level file copy program in c   

I/O Under Windows     

Summary     

    

More Issues In Input/Output     

Using argc and argv     

Detecting Errors in Reading/Writing     

Standard I/O Devices     

I/O Redirection     

Redirecting the Output     

Redirecting the Input     

Both Ways at Once     

Summary     

   

Operations On Bits     

Bitwise Operators     

One’s Complement Operator     

Right Shift Operator     

Left Shift Operator     

Bitwise AND Operator     

Bitwise OR Operator     

Bitwise XOR Operator     

The showbits( ) Function     

Summary     

     

C Under Windows     

Which Windows…     

Integers     

The Use of typedef     

Pointers in the  32 -bit World   

Memory Management     

Device Access     

DOS Programming Model     

Windows Programming Model  

Event Driven Model   

Windows Programming, a Closer Look  

The First Windows Program     

Hungarian Notation     

Summary  

   

Windows Programming     

The Role of a Message Box     

Here Comes the window…     

More Windows     

A Real-World Window     

Creation and Displaying of Window  

Interaction with Window     

Reacting to Messages     

Program Instances     

Summary     

    

Graphics Under Windows     

Graphics asof Now     

Device Independent Drawing    

Hello Windows     

Drawing Shapes     

Types of Pens     

Types of Brushes     

Code and Resources     

Freehand Drawing, the Paintbrush Style     

Capturing the Mouse     

Device Context, a Closer Look     

Displaying a Bitmap     

Animation at Work     

WM_CREATE and OnCreate( )   

WM_TIMER and OnTimer( )     

A Few More Points…     

Windows, the Endless World…     

Summary     

  

Interaction With Hardware     

Hardware Interaction     

Hardware Interaction, DOS Perspective     

Hardware Interaction, Windows Perspective 

Communication with Storage Devices     

The ReadSector( ) Function     

Accessing Other Storage Devices   

Communication with Keyboard     

Dynamic Linking   

Windows Hooks   

Caps Locked, Permanently     

Did You Press It TTwwiiccee…

Mangling Keys     

KeyLogger     

Where is This Leading     

Summary     

C Under Linux     

What is Linux     

C Programming Under Linux  

The ‘Hello Linux’ Program     

Processes     

Parent and Child Processes     

More Processes     

Zombies and Orphans     

One Interesting Fact  

Summary     

More Linux Programming     

Communication using Signals     

Handling Multiple Signals     

Registering a Common Handler     

Blocking Signals     

Event Driven Programming        

Summary